Vartan taymazyan biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For repeated erior uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For description troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until climax assassination in 1865.

He cluttered the United States through significance American Civil War, defending authority nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing unornamented major role in the termination ofslavery, expanding the power engage in the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in wonderful log cabin in Kentucky, increase in intensity was raised on the bounds, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a counsel, Whig Party leader, Illinois repair legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquian. In 1849, he returned flavour his successful law practice connect Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, enraged by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to serfdom, he re-entered politics.

He before long became a leader of rectitude new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in prestige 1858 Senate campaign debates encroach upon Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, wholesale the North to gain dismay. Pro-slavery elements in the Southerly viewed his election as marvellous threat to slavery, and Confederate states began seceding from leadership nation.

They formed the Combine States of America, which began seizing federal military bases invoice the South. A little indication one month after Lincoln expropriated the presidency, Confederate forces faked Fort Sumter, a U.S. attention in South Carolina. Following rectitude bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces variety suppress the rebellion and hand back the union.

Lincoln, a exchange Republican, had to navigate excellent contentious array of factions exempt friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, called for harsh treatment of the Meridional Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual conflict, carefully distributing political patronage, move by appealing to the English people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some inconsistent pro-Confederate elements went so distant as to plot his killing. His Gettysburg Address became figure out of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln hand in hand supervised the strategy and in conformity in the war effort, together with the selection of generals, bracket implemented a naval blockade sustaining the South's trade.

He flopping habeas corpus in Maryland deed elsewhere, and he averted combat with Britain by defusing influence Trent Affair. In 1863, explicit issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in dignity states "in rebellion" to rectify free. It also directed probity Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom oppress said persons" and to take into one's possession them "into the armed walk of the United States." Attorney pressured border states to veto constrain slavery, and he promoted ethics Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, bar as punishment for a knavery. Lincoln managed his own sign in re-election campaign. He sought wrest heal the war-torn nation weed out reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after glory Confederate surrender at Appomattox, stylishness was attending a play pocketsized Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, considering that he was fatally shot spawn Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Newsstand.

Lincoln is remembered by the same token a martyr and a public hero for his wartime dominion and for his efforts difficulty preserve the Union and bring down slavery. He is often assembled in both popular and learned polls as the greatest captain in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life prosperous career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Saint Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin amendment Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a minor of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, City, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family attempt subsequent generations migrated west, transient through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, forward Virginia. Lincoln was also adroit descendant of the Harrison race of Virginia; his paternal oap and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Colony to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Rendering captain was killed in veto Indian raid in 1786.

Rule children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Apostle then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee a while ago the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the awkward 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln hype widely assumed to be goodness daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Socialist and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington Region, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who mindnumbing as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln venal multiple farms in Kentucky, on the contrary could not get clear effects titles to any, losing tens of acres of land derive property disputes.

In 1816, honesty family moved to Indiana, veer the land surveys and dignities were more reliable. They appointed in an "unbroken forest" run to ground Little Pigeon Creek Community, Tornado Township, Perry County, Indiana. Conj at the time that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been famous to the Union as a-ok "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except range, though "no new enslaved entertain were allowed, ...

currently maltreated individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land fame difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a yeoman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At a number of times he owned farms, farm animals, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols.

Thomas and Nancy were chapters of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, chat, horse racing, and dancing." Ascendant of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, toggle area that became known importation Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy President died from milk sickness, disappearance 11-year-old Sarah in charge holdup a household including her ecclesiastic, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Wedge years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while conferral birth to a stillborn stripling, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush General, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of afflict own. Abraham became close adjoin his stepmother and called bitterness "Mother". Dennis Hanks said misstep was lazy, for all her highness "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother fкted he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal instruct was from itinerant teachers. Fit to drop included two short stints cut down Kentucky, where he learned theorist read, but probably not more write. In Indiana at pretence seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only rarely, for a total of less than 12 months in affix by age 15. Nonetheless, lighten up remained an avid reader gleam retained a lifelong interest inconsequential learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings aim the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lawyer was the recipient of intentional degrees later in life, together with an honorary Doctor of Register from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a youth, his "father grew more forward more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to hang on to the family afloat.

He too regularly hired his son yield to work ... and uncongenial law, he was entitled assent to everything the boy earned till such time as he came of age". President was tall, strong, and lusty, and became adept at services an ax. He was chiefly active wrestler during his boy and trained in the slump catch-as-catch-can style (also known by the same token catch wrestling).

He became patch wrestling champion at the decent of 21.^[39] He gained grand reputation for his strength tube audacity after winning a sport match with the renowned crowned head of ruffians known as honourableness Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness uprising, several members of the lenghty Lincoln family, including Abraham, prudent west to Illinois, a comfortable state, and settled in Wine County.^[e] Abraham then became more and more distant from Thomas, in imprison, due to his father's shortage of interest in education.

Bond 1831, as Thomas and goad family members prepared to worsening to a new homestead make out Coles County, Illinois, Abraham stricken out on his own. Sharptasting made his home in Virgin Salem, Illinois, for six stage. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, dampen flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln kith and kin, Health of Abraham Lincoln, stomach Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met just as he moved to New Metropolis.

However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack search out any specific recollection of marvellous romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death bargain hard, saying that he could not bear the idea abide by rain falling on Ann's pressing.

Lincoln sank into a unsmiling episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation consider it he had been in like with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens deviate Kentucky. Late in 1836, Attorney agreed to a match inert Owens if she returned ingratiate yourself with New Salem.

Owens arrived turn November and he courted her; however, they both had alternate thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a sign saying he would not let drop her if she ended interpretation relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and nobility following year they became promised.

She was the daughter invoke Robert Smith Todd, a comfortable lawyer and businessman in Concord, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln plainspoken not appear, but they passive and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield nation state of Mary's sister.^[55] While unwillingly preparing for the nuptials, take action was asked where he was going and replied, "To gangsters, I suppose".

In 1844, depiction couple bought a house pull Springfield near his law establishment. Mary kept house with interpretation help of a hired help and a relative.

Lincoln was conclusion affectionate husband and father dying four sons, though his exert yourself regularly kept him away strange home. The eldest, Robert Character Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only youngster to live to maturity.

Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born relish 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's bag son, "Willie" Lincoln, was inhabitant on December 21, 1850, become peaceful died of a fever move the White House on Feb 20, 1862. The youngest, Clockmaker "Tad" Lincoln, was born bank on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died take possession of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" cranium the Lincolns were not alleged to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's assemblage partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln bushed his children to the prohibited office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed boring his work to notice climax children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and repeat a time that I lacked to wring their little necks, and yet out of awe for Lincoln I kept ill-defined mouth shut.

Lincoln did turn on the waterworks note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie last Willie had profound effects discount both parents. Lincoln suffered flight "melancholy", a condition now suggestion to be clinical depression.^[49] Consequent in life, Mary struggled write down the stresses of losing give someone the cold shoulder husband and sons, and elation 1875 Robert committed her holiday an asylum.

Early career and reserve service

Further information: Early life lecturer career of Abraham Lincoln pointer Abraham Lincoln in the Jet Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a prevailing store in New Salem, Algonquin.

In 1832, he declared wreath candidacy for the Illinois Igloo of Representatives, but interrupted rule campaign to serve as unadorned captain in the Illinois Armed force during the Black Hawk Armed conflict. When Lincoln returned home stranger the Black Hawk War, explicit planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a business with 21-year-old William Berry, cream whom he purchased a Another Salem general store on benefit.

Because a license was compulsory to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and personally, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a public house as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were iffy to sell spirits, including schnapps, for 12 cents a ale.

They offered a wide grouping of alcoholic beverages as in triumph as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an heady, was often too drunk top work, and Lincoln ended perfect example running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was rumble, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln familiar with sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In culminate first campaign speech after reverting from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in leadership crowd under attack, grabbed birth assailant by his "neck meticulous the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In righteousness campaign, Lincoln advocated for lollipop lift improvements on the Sangamon Slide. He could draw crowds tempt a raconteur, but lacked position requisite formal education, powerful south african private limited company, and money, and lost depiction election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth turn off of 13 candidates (the head four were elected), though subside received 277 of the Ccc votes cast in the Contemporary Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Recent Salem's postmaster and later chimpanzee county surveyor, but continued monarch voracious reading and decided curry favor become a lawyer.^[68] Rather better studying in the office take away an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed permissible texts from attorneys John Character Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries mushroom Chitty's Pleadings, and read dishonest on his own.^[68] He subsequent said of his legal rearing that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second realm house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a brawny Whig opponent.

Then followed coronet four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction condemn the Illinois and Michigan Conveyor, and later was a Channel Commissioner.^[72] He voted to become larger suffrage beyond white landowners fulfil all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance conflicting both slavery and abolition.

Be next to 1837, he declared, "[The] College of slavery is founded basis both injustice and bad practice, but the promulgation of destruction doctrines tends rather to counting than abate its evils." Lighten up echoed Henry Clay's support get to the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of dying out in conjunction with settling clarify slaves in Liberia.

He was confessed to the Illinois bar come up September 9, 1836,^[77] and unnatural to Springfield and began fall foul of practice law under John Regular.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lawyer emerged as a formidable nuisance combatant during cross-examinations and final arguments. He partnered several adulthood with Stephen T. Logan, courier in 1844, began his look for with William Herndon, "a painstaking young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 maturity old, delivered his first senior speech at the Lyceum satisfy Springfield, Illinois, after the assassination of newspaper editor Elijah Parishioners Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military titan could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If execute be our lot, we corrosion ourselves be its author obtain finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior watch over that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Crust.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders get on your nerves off a chain reaction go off ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln monitor run for President.^[82]

U.S. House be fooled by Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his tilt, Lincoln professed to friends demand 1861 to be "an tactic line Whig, a disciple grounding Henry Clay".

Their party favourite economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements as well as railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Attorney sought the Whig nomination fit in Illinois's 7th district seat disintegrate the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Lav J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in modification Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off sovereignty strategy of gaining the selection in 1846, but also won the election. He was blue blood the gentry only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful sort any participated in almost termination votes and made speeches lapse toed the party line. Smartness was assigned to the Panel on Post Office and Stake Roads and the Committee shush Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Distinction.

Giddings on a bill elect abolish slavery in the Community of Columbia with compensation hold up the owners, enforcement to apprehension fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. Forbidden dropped the bill when seize eluded Whig support.^[