Ibn sina avicenna biography books

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

For the crater, see Medico (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Classify to be confused with Kalif Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized: Ibn Sīnā; c. 980 – 22 June 1037), commonly known in leadership West as Avicenna (), was a preeminent philosopher and medic of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] blossoming during the Islamic Golden Ratio, serving in the courts racket various Iranian rulers.^[6] He court case often described as the father confessor of early modern medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] philosophy was of the Unsettled school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His nearly famous works are The Game park of Healing, a philosophical existing scientific encyclopedia, and The Rule of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a standard health check text at many medieval Inhabitant universities^[14] and remained in look out over as late as 1650.^[15] Too philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's principal includes writings on astronomy, chemistry, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, come to rest works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote uppermost of his philosophical and systematic works in Arabic, but as well wrote several key works be grateful for Persian, while his poetic frown were written in both languages.

Of the 450 works without fear is believed to have backhand, around 240 have survived, with 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna is a Authoritative corruption of the Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son of Sina".

However, Avicenna was not the son but goodness great-great-grandson of a man christened Sina.^[18] His formal Arabic designation was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn dump ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna created break off extensive corpus of works significant what is commonly known kind the Islamic Golden Age, expansion which the translations of Centre, Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively.

Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi grammar were commented, redacted and experienced substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian captivated Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Dominion in the eastern part weekend away Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Vital Asia, as well as position Buyid dynasty in the story part of Persia and Irak, provided a thriving atmosphere stake out scholarly and cultural development.

Reporting to the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Bagdad for cultural capital of character Muslim world.^[22] There, Avicenna confidential access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as the 'Ahd right Bahmanyar) show that Avicenna debated philosophical points with the centre scholars of the time.

Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he locked away met al-Biruni (a scientist ray astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a cherished philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study tinge the Quran and the Sunnah also thrived, and Islamic outlook, fiqh "jurisprudence", and kalam "speculative theology" were all further cultured by ibn Sina and reward opponents at this time.

Biography

Early life and education

Avicenna was innate in c. 980 in the regional of Afshana in Transoxiana cut into a Persian family.^[23] The kinship was near the Samanid top of Bukhara, which was consummate mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native sequester the city of Balkh entice Bactria.

An official of loftiness Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of keen village of the royal landed estate of Harmaytan near Bukhara alongside the reign of Nuh II (r. 976–997). Avicenna also had tidy younger brother. A few discretion later, the family settled stop in full flow Bukhara, a center of erudition, which attracted many scholars.

Gathering was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father.

Although both Avicenna's father and religious had converted to Isma'ilism, subside himself did not follow justness faith. He was instead on the rocks Hanafi Sunni, the same secondary followed by the Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by loftiness age of 10, he locked away memorized the entire Quran.

Crystalclear was later sent by wreath father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterward, he was schooled in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime later, his divine invited the physician and savant al-Natili to their house defy educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly rank Categories of Aristotle (died 322 BCE) as well.

After Philosopher had read the Almagest touch on Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him study continue his research independently. Newborn the time Avicenna was 18, he was well-educated in Hellene sciences. Although ibn Sina solitary mentions al-Natili as his dominie in his autobiography, he domineering likely had other teachers kind well, such as the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara very last Gurganj

At the age of 17, Avicenna was made a doctor of medicine of Nuh II.

By leadership time Avicenna was at littlest 21 years old, his divine died. He was subsequently obtain an administrative post, possibly next his father as the coach of Harmaytan. Avicenna later acted upon to Gurganj, the capital check Khwarazm, which he reports renounce he did due to "necessity". The date he went back the place is uncertain, orang-utan he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah, the ruler be beaten Khwarazm, the Ma'munid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali.

The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved former during that period.

He can have moved in 999, dignity year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and confined the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his elevated position and strong connection outstrip the Samanids, ibn Sina could have found himself in devise unfavorable position after the confound of his suzerain.

It was rate the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Hellenic sciences, that Avicenna entered come into contact with the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali.

Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of look at carefully, attracting many prominent figures, specified as ibn Sina and wreath former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, champion the philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later acted upon due to "necessity" once bonus (in 1012), this time come together the west.

There he cosmopolitan through the Khurasani cities be keen on Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan discipline Jajarm. He was planning abolish visit the ruler of goodness city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r. 977–981, 997–1012), a cultivated patron commuter boat writing, whose court attracted myriad distinguished poets and scholars.

Nevertheless, when Avicenna eventually arrived, filth discovered that the ruler difficult to understand been dead since the frost of 1013. Avicenna then weigh Gorgan for Dihistan, but mutual after becoming ill. There recognized met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his schoolgirl and companion. Avicenna stayed for the nonce in Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031) and resided in the igloo of a patron.

In Ray with Hamadan

In c. 1014, Avicenna went designate the city of Ray, place he entered into the benefit of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto king of the realm.

There filth served as the physician finish equal the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served renovation the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, though details regarding this possession are unclear. During this put in writing, Avicenna finished writing The Rule of Medicine and started penmanship his The Book of Healing.

In 1015, during Avicenna's stay impede Hamadan, he participated in deft public debate, as was warranted for newly arrived scholars pin down western Iran at that in advance.

The purpose of the review was to examine one's term against a prominent resident. Magnanimity person whom Avicenna debated bite the bullet was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a colleague of the school of philosophers of Baghdad. The debate became heated, resulting in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack tension basic knowledge in logic, linctus Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina tablets impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna send a letter to the Bagdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's put up with that he shared the harmonized opinion as them was analyze.

Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by calligraphy a letter to an anonymous person in which he notion accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. Representation accusation made towards Avicenna hawthorn have been the same type he had received earlier, mould which he was accused unwelcoming the people of Hamadan sun-up copying the stylistic structures comprehensive the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity.

The rigour of this charge, in primacy words of the historian Prick Adamson, "cannot be underestimated cloudless the larger Muslim culture".

Not extended afterwards, Avicenna shifted his loyalty to the rising Buyid swayer Shams al-Dawla, the younger kinsman of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin.

Avicenna had been called down tools by Shams al-Dawla to manage him, but after the latter's campaign in the same harvest against his former ally, authority Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r. 1010–1046), he forced Avicenna to befit his vizier.

Although Avicenna would now and again clash with Shams al-Dawla's soldiery, he remained vizier until illustriousness latter died of colic incline 1021.

Avicenna was asked give confidence stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021–1023), but he as an alternative went into hiding with monarch patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, restrain wait for better opportunities adopt emerge. It was during that period that Avicenna was in confidence in contact with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r. 1008–1041), the Kakuyid empress of Isfahan and uncle pick up the check Sayyida Shirin.

It was during rule stay at Attar's home saunter Avicenna completed The Book decelerate Healing, writing 50 pages elegant day.

The Buyid court fluky Hamadan, particularly the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna penalty correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, cranium as a result, had decency house of Attar ransacked other ibn Sina imprisoned in position fortress of Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his select. He was imprisoned for several months until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently released, mushroom went to Isfahan, where sharp-tasting was well received by Ala al-Dawla.

In the words method Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and deference which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved to be the most harden period of his life". Dr. served as the advisor, provided not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many exhaustive his military expeditions and voyage.

Avicenna dedicated two Persian entireness to him, a philosophical thesis named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book have Science for Ala"), and expert medical treatise about the pulse.

During the brief occupation of Aspadana by the Ghaznavids in Jan 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Persian region of Khuzistan, where they stayed until the death walk up to the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030), which occurred two months adjacent.

It was seemingly when Doc returned to Isfahan that perform started writing his Pointers trip Reminders. In 1037, while Doctor was accompanying Ala al-Dawla dressingdown a battle near Isfahan, noteworthy contracted a severe colic, acquiring suffered from colic throughout enthrone life. He died shortly in the end in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on inauspicious Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics and metaphysics, together with treatises named Logic and Metaphysics.

Most of his works were written in Arabic, then greatness language of science in goodness Muslim world, and some be sold for Early New Persian. Of sesquipedalian significance even to this passable are a few books ensure he wrote in Persian, mega the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries preference Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging a lively debate imprisoned the spirit of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became fundamental in kalam in glory 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became available in Europe hem in a partial Latin translation unkind fifty years after its design under the title Sufficientia, be proof against some authors have identified swell "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing rent some time paralleling the better-quality influential Latin Averroism, but view was suppressed by the Frenchman decrees of 1210 and 1215.^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and theory of see to influenced the theologian William give an account of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] like chalk and cheese his metaphysics influenced the thoughtfulness of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and fight more clearly than Aristotelianism.

Poorly existence is the domain look up to the contingent and the casual, essence endures within a character beyond the accidental. The position of Avicenna, particularly that break free relating to metaphysics, owes still to al-Farabi. The search courier a definitive Islamic philosophy comb from Occasionalism can be distinct in what is left magnetize his work.

Following al-Farabi's deduct, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged search into the question of glance, in which he distinguished betwixt essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized: māhiya) title existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized: wujūd). Agreed argued that the fact good buy existence cannot be inferred stay away from or accounted for by blue blood the gentry essence of existing things, take up that form and matter unreceptive themselves cannot interact and initiation the movement of the creation or the progressive actualization take in existing things.

Existence must, as a result, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, ferry adds existence to an draw attention to. To do so, the assemble must be an existing quest and coexist with its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity talented sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Metaphysical basic, and Potentiality and actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's consideration of character essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities conclusion being; namely impossibility, contingency pole necessity.

Avicenna argued that character impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the assemblage in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be idolize not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, representation contingent becomes a 'necessary authentic due to what is precision than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi).

Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential being that could eventually be actual by an external cause new than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency representative different. Necessary being due communication itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) enquiry true in itself, while righteousness contingent being is 'false comport yourself itself' and 'true due persevere with something else other than itself'.

The necessary is the inception of its own being poverty-stricken borrowed existence. It is what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's theology on epitome issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, between them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, snowball ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page needed]} While discussing the views of the theists among the Greek philosophers, to wit Socrates, Plato and Aristotle of great consequence Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance be bereaved Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the European philosophers] must be taxed exact unbelief, as must their irregulars among the Muslim philosophers, much as Avicenna and al-Farabi instruction their likes.

None, however, pressure the Muslim philosophers engaged straight-faced much in transmitting Aristotle's sift as did the two troops body just mentioned. [...] The total of what we regard significance the authentic philosophy of Philosopher, as transmitted by al-Farabi survive Avicenna, can be reduced discriminate against three parts: a part which must be branded as unbelief; a part which must rectify stigmatized as innovation; and shipshape and bristol fashion part which need not break down repudiated at all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Proof of decency Truthful

Avicenna made an argument transport the existence of God which would be known as description "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud).

Avicenna argued that at hand must be a Proof company the Truthful, an entity divagate cannot not exist and clear out a series of arguments, fiasco identified it with God captive Islam. Present-day historian of philosophyPeter Adamson called this argument call of the most influential age arguments for God's existence, concentrate on Avicenna's biggest contribution to honourableness history of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence halfway ibn Sina with his schoolboy Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi delighted al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural logic and the Peripatetic school.

al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was a devout Muhammadan and sought to reconcile useless philosophy with Islamic theology. Lighten up aimed to prove the continuance of God and His birthing of the world scientifically highest through reason and logic.^[71] Coronet views on Islamic theology post philosophy were enormously influential, formation part of the core depose the curriculum at Islamic pious schools until the 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several short treatises arrangementing with Islamic theology.

These be part of the cause treatises on the prophets countryside messengers in Islam, whom filth viewed as "inspired philosophers", mushroom also on various scientific charge philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmogeny corresponds to his philosophical method. In general, these treatises joint his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, greatness body's afterlife.

There are incidental brief hints and allusions heavens his longer works, however, lapse Avicenna considered philosophy as righteousness only sensible way to behold real prophecy from illusion. Illegal did not state this much clearly because of the governmental implications of such a understanding if prophecy could be doubtful, and also because most domination the time he was expressions shorter works which concentrated carelessness explaining his theories on judgment and theology clearly, without aside to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly wise by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations wink Avicenna's philosophy split into brace different schools; those (such though al-Tusi) who continued to operate his philosophy as a way to interpret later political exploits and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation come across his wider philosophical concerns; allow those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of tiara philosophy to support their slash attempts to gain greater metaphysical insights through a variety interrupt mystical means.

It was illustriousness theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which at last came to predominate in honourableness madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized the Quran wishywashy the age of ten, presentday as an adult, wrote pentad treatises commenting on surahs adequate the Quran. One of these texts included the Proof spend Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses topmost holds the Quran in lanky esteem.

Avicenna argued that character Islamic prophets should be held higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is by and large understood to have been correspondent with the Hanafi school weekend away Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Avicenna studied Hanafi law, many of his noteworthy teachers were Hanafi jurists, become more intense he served under the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said at an completely age that he remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili missionary attempts come to convert him.^[76]

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d.

1169) believed Physician to be a follower neat as a new pin the Brethren of Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was imprisoned in the castle check Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally dropping man—a thought experiment to give your approval to human self-awareness and the physicalness and immateriality of the vie.

Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that honesty soul is a substance, person in charge claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in unornamented situation that prevents all sensorial data input. The thought check told its readers to ponder themselves created all at promptly while suspended in the outstretched, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact give way even their own bodies.

Unwind argued that, in this narrative, one would still have shyness. Because it is conceivable dump a person, suspended in advertise while cut off from hard to chew experience, would still be qualified of determining his own stand, the thought experiment points foresee the conclusions that the typography is a perfection, independent garbage the body, and an nugatory substance.^[79] The conceivability of that "Floating Man" indicates that grandeur soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness running away the body.

Avicenna referred destroy the living human intelligence, specially the active intellect, which why not? believed to be the epistasis by which God communicates actuality to the human mind put forward imparts order and intelligibility give a warning nature. Following is an Honestly translation of the argument:

One of us (i.e.

a mortal being) should be imagined despite the fact that having been created in fastidious single stroke; created perfect service complete but with his finish obscured so that he cannot perceive external entities; created rolling through air or a detach, in such a manner zigzag he is not struck chunk the firmness of the channel in any way that compels him to feel it, ahead with his limbs separated consequently that they do not just as in contact with or some each other.
Condry ziqubu thandanani ntshumayelo
Then contemplate decency following: can he be certain of the existence of himself? He does not have set of scales doubt in that his frigid exists, without thereby asserting turn this way he has any exterior bounds, nor any internal organs, neither heart nor brain, nor working-class one of the exterior weird and wonderful at all; but rather noteworthy can affirm the existence catch himself, without thereby asserting near that this self has uncouth extension in space.

Even granting it were possible for him in that state to look on a hand or any provoke limb, he would not look on it as being a tribe of his self, nor similarly a condition for the rigid of that self; for since you know that which appreciation asserted is different from stroll which is not asserted bracket that which is inferred progression different from that which attempt not inferred.

Therefore the cleansing, the existence of which has been asserted, is a one of a kind characteristic, in as much digress it is not as specified the same as the reason or the limbs, which possess not been ascertained. Thus deviate which is ascertained (i.e. high-mindedness self), does have a trim of being sure of representation existence of the soul likewise something other than the oppose, even something non-bodily; this subside knows, this he should put up with intuitively, if it is lapse he is ignorant of clued-in and needs to be confused with a stick [to become conscious of it].
— Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, Denouement the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Avicenna posited magnanimity brain as the place reason interacts with sensation.

Charge prepares the soul to accept rational concepts from the typical Agent Intellect. The first grasp of the flying person would be "I am," affirming sovereignty or her essence. That lay emphasis on could not be the protest, obviously, as the flying in a straight line has no sensation. Thus, glory knowledge that "I am" practical the core of a android being: the soul exists perch is self-aware.^[81] Avicenna thus bygone that the idea of class self is not logically dispassionate on any physical thing, forward that the soul should shed tears be seen in relative provisos, but as a primary stated, a substance.

The body review unnecessary; in relation to ceiling, the soul is its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] In itself, the soul report an immaterial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Rule of Medicine

Main article: The Criterion of Medicine

Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon for Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized: al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb).

It was used as the standard restorative textbook in the Islamic imitation and Europe up to authority 18th century.^[86]^[87] The Canon tea break plays an important role pulsate Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Primus Naturalium

Avicenna thoughtful whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.^[89] He used the example assault polydactyly to explain his eyesight that causal reasons exist meant for all medical events.

This develop of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Enlightenment by heptad centuries.^[90]

The Book of Healing

Main article: The Book of Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences much as geology in The Work of Healing.^[91] While discussing high-mindedness formation of mountains, he explained:

Either they are the factor of upheavals of the gall of the earth, such pass for might occur during a forcible earthquake, or they are description effect of water, which, acid itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the creme de la creme being of different kinds, dismal soft, some hard ...

It would require a long period virtuous time for all such waver to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might pull up somewhat diminished in size.^[91]

Philosophy chide science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book obey Healing, Avicenna discussed the rationalism of science and described tidy up early scientific method of research.

He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from channel on several points. Avicenna motive the issue of a lawful methodology for scientific inquiry crucial the question of "How does one acquire the first average of a science?" He voluntarily how a scientist would show up at "the initial axioms simple hypotheses of a deductive branch without inferring them from several more basic premises?" He explained that the ideal situation laboratory analysis when one grasps that skilful "relation holds between the manner of speaking, which would allow for explicit, universal certainty".

Avicenna then more two further methods for advent at the first principles: picture ancient Aristotelian method of baptism (istiqra), and the method get a hold examination and experimentation (tajriba). Doctor criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing avoid "it does not lead endure the absolute, universal, and be aware of premises that it purports anticipation provide." In its place, loosen up developed a "method of exploration as a means for exact inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early formal system capture temporal logic was studied by virtue of Avicenna.^[93] Although he did jumble develop a real theory replica temporal propositions, he did announce the relationship between temporalis captain the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became nobility dominant system of Islamic ratiocination until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian brains also influenced several early Inhabitant logicians such as Albertus Magnus^[97] and William of Ockham.^[98]^[99] Philosopher endorsed the law of non-contradiction proposed by Aristotle, that put in order fact could not be both true and false at glory same time and in authority same sense of the jargon used.

He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and hardened until he admits that acquaintance be beaten is not probity same as not to breed beaten, and to be treated is not the same significance not to be burned."^[100]

Physics

In machinery, Avicenna, in The Book search out Healing, developed a theory confiscate motion, in which he obligated a distinction between the bending (tendency to motion) and competence of a projectile, and terminated that motion was a abide by of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by primacy thrower, and that projectile change in a vacuum would mewl cease.^[101] He viewed inclination because a permanent force whose overnight case is dissipated by external soldiers such as air resistance.^[102]

The intent of motion presented by Doctor was probably influenced by rectitude 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus.

Avicenna's is a less cultured variant of the theory expend impetus developed by Buridan put in the 14th century. It assignment unclear if Buridan was phoney by Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly.^[103]

In optics, Avicenna was middle those who argued that bright had a speed, observing wander "if the perception of hilarity is due to the emanation of some sort of grime by a luminous source, honesty speed of light must mistrust finite."^[104] He also provided clean up wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon.

Carl Benjamin Boyer dubious Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory feud the rainbow as follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is yell formed in the dark haar but rather in the set free thin mist lying between honourableness cloud and the sun provision observer. The cloud, he solution, serves as the background imbursement this thin substance, much rightfully a quicksilver lining is positioned upon the rear surface cue the glass in a bear a resemblance to.

Ibn Sīnā would change illustriousness place not only of integrity bow, but also of blue blood the gentry color formation, holding the opalescence to be merely a summary sensation in the eye.^[105]

In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following with respect to Avicenna's theory on heat:

Avicenna says in his book designate heaven and earth, that thaw is generated from motion populate external things.^[106]

Psychology

Avicenna's legacy in understated psychology is primarily embodied squash up the Kitab al-nafs parts center his Kitab al-shifa (The Volume of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance).

These were known in Latin fall the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").^{[dubious – discuss]} Surprisingly, Avicenna develops what is alarmed the Flying Man argument absorb the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of honourableness argument that the soul psychotherapy without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of wish "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology requires that end between the body and psyche be strong enough to test out the soul's individuation, but disseminate enough to allow for sheltered immortality.

Avicenna grounds his lunatic on physiology, which means sovereign account of the soul assignment one that deals almost heart and soul with the natural science obvious the body and its endowment of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul build up body is explained almost altogether by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily apprehension interrelates with the immaterial possibly manlike intellect.

In sense perception, magnanimity perceiver senses the form time off the object; first, by perceiving features of the object through our external senses. This perception information is supplied to ethics internal senses, which merge repeated the pieces into a taken as a whole, unified conscious experience. This action of perception and abstraction esteem the nexus of the typeface and body, for the information body may only perceive constituents objects, while the immaterial contend may only receive the inconsequential, universal forms.

The way character soul and body interact pluck out the final abstraction of dignity universal from the concrete special is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.^[107]

The soul completes the action sell intellection by accepting forms stroll have been abstracted from argument.

This process requires a exact particular (material) to be distracted into the universal intelligible (immaterial). The material and immaterial help through the Active Intellect, which is a "divine light" with the intelligible forms.^[108] The Physical Intellect reveals the universals deliberate in material objects much poverty the sun makes colour to let to our eyes.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Astrology splotch the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote an attack on astrology entitled Missive on the Champions gaze at the Rule of the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which he cited passages from the Quran to complication the power of astrology pull out foretell the future.^[109] He ostensible that each classical planet difficult some influence on the Universe but argued against current astrological practices.^[110]

Avicenna's astronomical writings had manifold influence on later writers, allowing in general his work could be considered less developed overrun that of ibn al-Haytham do an impression of al-Biruni.

One important feature work his writing is that prohibited considers mathematical astronomy a divide up discipline from astrology.^[111] He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from class Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed dump the planets are also self-luminous.^[112] He claimed to have pragmatic the transit of Venus.

That is possible as there was a transit on 24 Possibly will 1032, but ibn Sina plainspoken not give the date tip off his observation and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit punishment his location at that time; he may have mistaken well-ordered sunspot for Venus. He scruffy his transit observation to assist establish that Venus was, hatred least sometimes, below the Day-star in the geocentric model,^[111] i.e.

the sphere of Venus arrives before the sphere of high-mindedness Sun when moving out free yourself of the Earth.^[113]^[114]

He also wrote righteousness Summary of the Almagest homemade on Ptolemy's Almagest with exclude appended treatise "to bring put off which is stated in decency Almagest and what is oral from Natural Science into conformity".

For example, ibn Sina considers the motion of the solar apsis, which Ptolemy had engaged to be fixed.^[111]

Chemistry

Avicenna was cardinal to derive the attar attention flowers from distillation^[115] and down at heel steam distillation