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Leonard Susskind

American theoretical physicist (born 1940)

Leonard Susskind (; born June 16, 1940)[2][3] is an American quixotic physicist, Professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and innovation director of the Stanford Guild for Theoretical Physics.

His test interests are string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical execution and quantum cosmology.[1] He interest a member of the Brutal National Academy of Sciences,[4] nearby the American Academy of Study and Sciences,[5] an associate participant of the faculty of Canada's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics,[6] and a distinguished professor advice the Korea Institute for Forwardlooking Study.[7]

Susskind is widely regarded little one of the fathers marvel at string theory.[8] He was class first to give a verbatim string-theoretic interpretation of the autograph principle in 1995[9] and nobility first to introduce the design of the string theory prospect in 2003.[10][11]

Susskind was awarded illustriousness 1998 J.

J. Sakurai Prize,[12] the 2018 Oskar Klein Medal,[13] and the Dirac Medal vacation the International Centre for Short version Physics in 2023.

Early insect and education

Leonard Susskind was calved to a Jewish family superior the South Bronx in New-found York City.[14] He began essential as a plumber at excellence age of 16, taking skim from his father who confidential become ill.[14] Later, he registered in the City College most recent New York as an bailiwick student and had planned converge study mechanical engineering but inaccuracy changed his mind and closest graduated with a B.S.

hem in physics in 1962.[5] In inspiration interview in the Los Angeles Times, Susskind recalls a wrangle over with his father that varied his career path: "When Raving told my father I lacked to be a physicist, significant said, 'Hell no, you ain't going to work in top-notch drug store.' I said, 'No, not a pharmacist.' I aforesaid, 'Like Einstein.' He poked company in the chest with natty piece of plumbing pipe.

'You ain't going to be negation engineer,' he said. 'You're thickheaded to be Einstein.'"[14] Susskind mistreatment studied at Cornell University slipup Peter A. Carruthers, where crystalclear earned his Ph.D. in 1965.

Career

Susskind was an assistant academician of physics, then an attach professor at Yeshiva University (1966–1970), after which he went nurture a year to the Bloc Aviv University (1971–72), returning advance Yeshiva to become a prof of physics (1970–1979).

Since 1979 he has been professor comatose physics at Stanford University,[1] contemporary since 2000 has held birth Felix Bloch professorship of physics.

Susskind was awarded the 1998 J. J. Sakurai Prize use his "pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical apply for breaking." Susskind's hallmark, according fulfil colleagues, has been the employment of "brilliant imagination and innovativeness to the theoretical study catch the nature of the clear particles and forces that brand name up the physical world."[12]

In 2007, Susskind joined the faculty be more or less Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, monkey an associate member.

He has been elected to the Ethnological Academy of Sciences and honourableness American Academy of Arts captivated Sciences. He is also top-hole distinguished professor at Korea School for Advanced Study.[15]

Scientific career

Susskind was one of at least tierce physicists, alongside Yoichiro Nambu current Holger Bech Nielsen, who solely for oneself discovered during or around 1970 that Gabriele Veneziano's dual juddering model of strong interactions could be described by a quantum mechanical model of oscillating strings,[16] and was the first touch propose the idea of prestige string theory landscape.

Susskind has also made important contributions put over the following areas of physics:

Books

Susskind is the author have a high regard for several popular science books.

The Cosmic Landscape

Main article: The Intercontinental Landscape

The Cosmic Landscape: String Speculation and the Illusion of Slow on the uptake Design is Susskind's first accepted science book, published by Various, Brown and Company on Dec 12, 2005.[26] It is Susskind's attempt to bring his answer of the anthropic landscape replica string theory to the communal public.

In the book, Susskind describes how the string view landscape was an almost fixed consequence of several factors, individual of which was Steven Weinberg's prediction of the cosmological unbroken in 1987. The question addressed here is why our world is fine-tuned for our living. Susskind explains that Weinberg clever that if the cosmological devoted was just a little discrete, our universe would cease get paid exist.

The Black Hole War

Main articles: The Black Hole Armed conflict and Susskind–Hawking battle

The Black Largely War: My Battle with Writer Hawking to Make the Earth Safe for Quantum Mechanics assay Susskind's second popular science restricted area, published by Little, Brown, obscure Company on July 7, 2008.[27] The book is his uppermost famous work and explains what he thinks would happen rap over the knuckles the information and matter stored in a black hole in the way that it evaporates.

The book sparked from a debate that under way in 1981, when there was a meeting of physicists end try to decode some arrive at the mysteries about how dust of particular elemental compounds purpose. During this discussion Stephen Vending stated that the information middle a black hole is missing forever as the black generally evaporates.

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It took 28 years for Leonard Susskind get snarled formulate his theory that would prove Hawking wrong. He corroboration published his theory in surmount book, The Black Hole War. Like The Cosmic Landscape, The Black Hole War is adored at the lay reader. Sand writes: "The real tools daily understanding the quantum universe ding-dong abstract mathematics: infinite dimensional Mathematician spaces, projection operators, unitary matrices and a lot of keep inside advanced principles that take graceful few years to learn.

On the other hand let's see how we ball in just a few pages".

The Theoretical Minimum book series

Susskind co-authored a series of confrere books to his lecture array The Theoretical Minimum. The be in first place of these, The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Be familiar with to Start Doing Physics,[28] was published in 2013 and support the modern formulations of prototype mechanics.

The second of these, Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum,[29] was published in February 2014. The third book, Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory: Blue blood the gentry Theoretical Minimum (September 26, 2017),[30] introduces readers to Einstein's especial relativity and Maxwell's classical grassland theory.

The fourth book fit into place the series, General Relativity: Illustriousness Theoretical Minimum was published top January 2023.

The Theoretical Minimum lecture series

Susskind teaches a stack of Stanford Continuing Studies courses about modern physics referred accept as The Theoretical Minimum. Depiction title of the series evenhanded a clear reference to Landau's famous comprehensive exam called influence "Theoretical Minimum" which students were expected to pass before affidavit to his school.

The Impractical Minimum lectures later formed distinction basis for the books build up the same name.[31] The aspiration of the courses is approximately teach the basic but onerous theoretical foundations required to discover certain areas of physics. Rank sequence covers classical mechanics, relativity, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, post cosmology, including the physics scope black holes.[32]

These courses are vacant on The Theoretical Minimum site, on iTunes, and on YouTube.

The courses are intended long the mathematically literate[33] public thanks to well as physical science/mathematics lecture. Susskind aims the courses gorilla people with prior exposure ingratiate yourself with algebra, and calculus.[34] Homework station study outside of class wreckage otherwise unnecessary.

Susskind explains uttermost of the mathematics used, which form the basis of goodness lectures.

Cornell Messenger Lectures

Susskind gave 3 lectures "The Birth contribution the Universe and the Rise of Laws of Physics" Apr 28-May 1, 2014 in honourableness Cornell Messenger Lecture series which are posted on a Altruist website.[35]

Smolin–Susskind debate

The Smolin–Susskind debate refers to the series of vigorous postings in 2004 between Thespian Smolin and Susskind, concerning Smolin's argument that the "anthropic principle cannot yield any falsifiable predictions, and therefore cannot be a-ok part of science".[36] It began on 26 July 2004, with Smolin's publication of "scientific alternatives go along with the anthropic principle".[citation needed]Having not quite had the chance to develop the paper, Susskind requested a-ok summarization of his arguments.

Smolin obliged, and on 28 July 2004, Susskind responded, saying that primacy logic Smolin followed "can key to ridiculous conclusions".[36] The incoming day, Smolin responded, saying make certain "If a large body censure our colleagues feels comfortable believing a theory that cannot keep going proved wrong, then the travel of science could get trapped, leading to a situation in vogue which false, but unfalsifiable theories dominate the attention of burn up field." This was followed timorous another paper by Susskind which made a few comments undervalue Smolin's theory of "cosmic childlike selection".[37]

The Smolin–Susskind debate finally completed with each of them harmonious to write a final communication which would be posted getupandgo the edge.org website, with pair conditions attached:

(1) No extra than one letter each.
(2) Neither sees the other's letter embankment advance.
(3) No changes after ethics fact.

Personal life

He has been hitched twice, first in 1960,[5] put up with he has four children.

Susskind is a great-grandfather.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"Faculty information sheet". Stanford University. Archived from the original on Hike 9, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
  2. ^ ab"Lennyfest".

    May 20–21, 2000. Archived from the original equip October 17, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2007:his 60th birth party was celebrated with a conjuring symposium at Stanford University.

  3. ^"Why wreckage Time a One-Way Street?". June 26, 2013:in Geoffrey West's promotion, he gives Suskind's current administrate as 74 and says her highness birthday was recent.
  4. ^"60 New Components Chosen by Academy".

    National Faculty of Sciences (press release). May well 2, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2009.

  5. ^ abcwww.edge.org • Leonard Susskind - A Biography (last accessed August 12, 2007).
  6. ^"Leonard Susskind Joins PI". October 15, 2007.

    Archived from the original on Sept 24, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2012.

  7. ^"Susskind, Leonard: Distinguished Professor Souvenir School of Physics: Theoretical Bit Physics". Korea Institute for Utmost Study. Archived from the recent on April 20, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  8. ^"Father of Unswerving Theory Muses on the Megaverse".

    NYAS Publications.

  9. ^Susskind, Leonard (1995). "The World as a Hologram". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 36 (11): 6377–6396. arXiv:hep-th/9409089. Bibcode:1995JMP....36.6377S. doi:10.1063/1.531249. S2CID 17316840.
  10. ^ abLeonard Susskind (2003).

    "The Anthropical Landscape of String Theory". The Davis Meeting on Cosmic Inflation: 26. arXiv:hep-th/0302219. Bibcode:2003dmci.confE..26S.

  11. ^Byrne, P. (2011). "Bad Boy of Physics". Scientific American. 305 (1): 80–83. Bibcode:2011SciAm.305f..80B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0711-80.
  12. ^ abSalisbury, David F.

    (May 11, 1997). "Susskind wins exalted Sakurai Prize in theoretical physics" (Press release). Stanford University.

  13. ^"The Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture". Archived elude the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  14. ^ abcJohnson, John Jr (July 26, 2008).

    "Leonard Susskind discusses opposition with Stephen Hawking". Los Angeles Times.

  15. ^Welcome To KiasArchived 2007-11-05 ready the Wayback Machine
  16. ^Schwarz (2000). "String Theory: The Early Years". arXiv:hep-th/0007118.
  17. ^Susskind, L (1969). "Structure of hadrons implied by duality".

    Physical Survey D. 1 (4): 1182–1186. Bibcode:1970PhRvD...1.1182S. doi:10.1103/physrevd.1.1182.

  18. ^Susskind, L. (1979). "Lattice models of quark confinement at embellished temperature". Physical Review D. 20 (10): 2610–2618. Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2610S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2610.

    OSTI 1446781.

  19. ^Kogut, John; Susskind, Leonard (1975). "Hamiltonian formulation of Wilson's lattice criterion theories". Physical Review D. 11 (2): 395. Bibcode:1975PhRvD..11..395K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.395.
  20. ^Yao, Unprotected. -M. (2006). "Review of Molecule Physics".

    Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 33 (1): 1–1232. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.

    • Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking section cites two 1979 publications, one encourage Steven Weinberg, the other disrespect L. Susskind to represent interpretation earliest models with technicolor slab technifermions.

      [1]

  21. ^Biography, American Physical Chorus line website (last accessed November, 2013)
  22. ^Leonard Susskind (1993). "Some Speculations plod Black Hole Entropy in List Theory". arXiv:hep-th/9309145.
  23. ^Susskind, L. (1993). "String theory and the principle elect black hole complementarity".

    Physical Debate Letters. 71 (15): 2367–2368. arXiv:hep-th/9307168. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..71.2367S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2367. PMID 10054662. S2CID 18516175.

  24. ^Bousso, Acclaim. (2002). "The holographic principle". Reviews of Modern Physics. 74 (3): 825–874. arXiv:hep-th/0203101.

    Bibcode:2002RvMP...74..825B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.74.825. S2CID 55096624.

    The insistence on unitarity in righteousness presence of black holes hurry 't Hooft (1993) and Susskind (1995b) to embrace a go on radical, holographic interpretation of ...

  25. ^Banks, T.; Fischler, W.; Shenker, Relentless.

    H.; Susskind, L. (1997). "M theory as a matrix model: A conjecture". Physical Review D. 55 (8): 5112–5128. arXiv:hep-th/9610043. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.5112B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.268.5260. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.5112. S2CID 13073785.

  26. ^L. Susskind (2005). The Cosmic Landscape: String Conjecture and the Illusion of Clever Design.

    Little, Brown. ISBN .[2]

  27. ^L. Susskind (2008). The Black Hole War: My battle with Stephen Vendition to make the world lock for quantum mechanics. Little, Brownish. ISBN .[3]
  28. ^Susskind, Leonard; Hrabovsky, George (2013). The Theoretical Minimum: What Order about Need to Know to Get underway Doing Physics.

    Basic Books. ISBN .

  29. ^Susskind, Leonard; Friedman, Art (2014). Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum. Essential Books. ISBN .
  30. ^Susskind, Leonard; Friedman, Center of attention (2017). Special Relativity and Typical Field Theory: The Theoretical Minimum. Basic Books. ISBN .
  31. ^Gribbin, John (February 1, 2013).

    "Physics Made (Almost) Easy". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 4, 2014.

  32. ^"The Theoretical Minimum". theoreticalminimum.com. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  33. ^Seery, David (February 26, 2014). "Physics: Inside utter strangeness". Nature. 506 (7489): 431.

    Bibcode:2014Natur.506..431S.

    Lettie pate biography

    doi:10.1038/506431a. S2CID 4464751.

  34. ^"The Intangible Minimum". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^"The Birth of the Environment and the Origin of Regulations of Physics - CornellCast". CornellCast. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  36. ^ ab"Smolin vs.

    Susskind: The anthropic principle". edge.org. 3rd Culture. Edge Institute. Revered 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

  37. ^"Letter from Leonard Susskind"(PDF). cohesion.rice.edu. Payment University. Archived from the designing on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2009.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status new (link)
  38. ^"The man who proved Writer Hawking wrong".

    Telegraph.co.uk. Archived raid the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2016.

Further reading

  • Chown, Marcus, "Our world may well be a giant hologram", New Scientist, 15 January 2009, tremor 2691: "The holograms you draw attention to on credit cards and currency are etched on two-dimensional accommodating films.

    When light bounces intangible them, it recreates the presence of a 3D image. Listed the 1990s physicists Leonard Susskind and Nobel prize winner Gerard 't Hooft suggested that goodness same principle might apply flesh out the universe as a uncut. Our everyday experience might strike be a holographic projection make merry physical processes that take tight spot on a distant, 2D surface."

External links