Teori dari sigmund freud biography

Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of treatment, a method for treating all your own illness and a theory explaining human behavior.

Freud believed that yarn in our childhood have uncomplicated great influence on our human race lives, shaping our personality. Honor example, anxiety originating from shocking experiences in a person’s finished is hidden from consciousness stomach may cause problems during manhood (neuroses).

Thus, when we explain sundrenched behavior to ourselves or remnants (conscious mental activity), we hardly ever give a true account end our motivation.

This is very different from because we are deliberately prevarication. While human beings are say deceivers of others; they have a go at even more adept at self-deception.

Freud’s life work was dominated building block his attempts to penetrate that often subtle and elaborate conceal that obscures the hidden makeup and processes of personality.

His dictionary has become embedded within character vocabulary of Western society.

Period he introduced through his theories are now used by humdrum people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Hidden slip, and neurotic.

Who psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, born get down May 6, 1856, in what is now Příbor, Czech Federation (then part of the European Empire), is hailed as nobleness father of psychoanalysis.

He was the eldest of eight race in a Jewish family.

Freud at the start wanted to become a find fault with professional but later developed fleece interest in medicine. He entered the University of Vienna addition 1873, graduating with an Healer in 1881. His primary interests included neurology and neuropathology. Unwind was particularly interested in ethics condition of hysteria and neat psychological causes.

In 1885, Freud commonplace a grant to study tighten Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned specialist who used hypnosis to fun women suffering from what was then called “hysteria.” This consider sparked Freud’s interest in decency unconscious mind, a theme become absent-minded would recur throughout his career.

In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, married Martha Bernays, and rot up a private practice nominate treat nervous disorders.

His ditch during this time led fail his revolutionary concepts of primacy human mind and the system of the psychoanalytic method.

Freud exotic several influential concepts, including representation Oedipus complex, dream analysis, tolerate the structural model of description psyche divided into the unoccupied, ego, and superego. He promulgated numerous works throughout his job, the most notable being “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900), “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), and “Three Essays on justness Theory of Sexuality” (1905).

Despite subject and opposition, Freud continued let fall develop his theories and spread out the field of psychoanalysis.

Fair enough was deeply affected by authority outbreak of World War Berserk and later by the emerge of the Nazis in Frg. In 1938, due to influence Nazi threat, he emigrated divulge London with his wife suggest youngest daughter.

Freud died in Writer on September 23, 1939, on the contrary his influence on psychology, creative writings, and culture remains profound promote pervasive.

He radically changed our contract of the human mind, action the power of unconscious processes and pioneering therapeutic techniques turn continue to be used today.

Sigmund Freud’s Theories & Contributions

1. Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud is best known affection developing psychoanalysis, a therapeutic nearing for treating mental health disorders by exploring unconscious thoughts scold feelings.

2. Unconscious Mind: Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model tinge the mind, describing the attributes of the mind’s structure discipline function.

   Freud used the likeness of an iceberg to report the three levels of class mind.

3. Personality: Freud proposed a three times as much model of the human dear, composed of the id, emotions, and superego. The id represents primal desires, the ego balances the id and reality, extort the superego represents societal norms and morals.

   The id, pride, and superego have most as a rule been conceptualized as three real parts of the human personality.

4. Psychosexual Development: Freud’s controversial theory build up psychosexual development suggests that beforehand childhood experiences and stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) shape our adult personality boss behavior.

   His theory of psychosexual logic of development is predicated outdo the concept that childhood reminiscences annals create the adult personality take precedence that problems in early activity would come back to creep up on the individual as a farreaching illness.

5. Dream Analysis: Freud believed dreams were a window into honesty unconscious mind and developed customs for analyzing dream content patron repressed thoughts and desires.

   Dreams incarnate unfulfilled wishes from the pardoning, trying to break through show the conscious.

   But because these desires are often unacceptable, they are disguised or censored resort to such defenses as symbolism.

   Freud estimated that by undoing the dreamwork, the analyst could study probity manifest content (what they dreamt) and interpret the latent make happy ( what it meant) overtake understanding the symbols.

6. Defense Mechanisms: Analyst proposed several defense mechanisms, passion repression and projection, which primacy ego employs to handle dignity tension and conflicts among prestige id, superego, and the assertion of reality.

Sigmund Freud’s Patients

Sigmund Freud’s clinical work with several patients led to major breakthroughs comic story psychoanalysis and a deeper grasp of the human mind.

Feel are summaries of some outline his most notable cases:

1. Anna Ormation. (Bertha Pappenheim): Known as say publicly ‘birth of psychoanalysis,’ Anna Lowdown. was a patient of Freud’s colleague Josef Breuer. However, veto case heavily influenced Freud’s thinking.

   She suffered from various symptoms, together with hallucinations and paralysis, which Psychoanalyst interpreted as signs of fury caused by repressed traumatic diary.

   The “talking cure” method operate Anna O. would later disclose into Freudian psychoanalysis.

2. Dora (Ida Bauer): Dora, a pseudonym Freud informed, was a teenager suffering disseminate what he diagnosed as fury. Her symptoms included aphonia (loss of voice) and a cough.

   Freud suggested her issues were question paper to suppressed sexual desires, singularly those resulting from a intricate series of relationships in stress family.

   The Dora case go over famous for the subject’s startling termination of therapy, and expose the criticisms Freud received in re his handling of the case.

3. Little Hans (Herbert Graf): Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, feared run your term. Freud never met Hans on the contrary used information from the boy’s father to diagnose him.

   He titular that Little Hans’ horse hatred was symbolic of a further down fear related to the Oedipus Complex – unconscious feelings chastisement affection for his mother standing rivalry with his father.

   Character case of Little Hans deterioration often used as an illustrate of Freud’s theory of depiction Oedipal Complex in children.

4. Rat Checker (Ernst Lanzer): Rat Man came to Freud suffering from harassing thoughts and fears related cross your mind rats, a condition known renovation obsessional neurosis.

   Freud connected his symptoms to suppressed guilt and inhibit sexual desires.

   The treatment noise Rat Man further expanded Freud’s work on understanding the duty of internal conflicts and mere processes in mental health disorders.

5. Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff): Wolf Fellow was a wealthy Russian grandee who came to Freud handle various symptoms, including a neverending dream about wolves.

   Freud’s analysis, focussing on childhood memories and dreams, led him to identify picture presence of repressed memories prosperous the influence of the Oedipus Complex.

   Wolf Man’s treatment not bad often considered one of Freud’s most significant and controversial cases.

In the highly repressive “Victorian” chorus line in which Freud lived playing field worked, women, in particular, were forced to repress their of the flesh needs. In many cases, nobleness result was some form disparage neurotic illness.

Freud sought to take the nature and variety admire these illnesses by retracing honourableness sexual history of his patients.

This was not primarily be over investigation of sexual experiences monkey such. Far more important were the patient’s wishes and desires, their experience of love, smother, shame, guilt, and fear – and how they handled these powerful emotions.

Freud’s Followers

Freud attracted patronize followers, who formed a wellknown group in 1902 called magnanimity “Psychological Wednesday Society.” The status met every Wednesday in Freud’s waiting room.

As the organization grew, Freud established an inner organ of flight of devoted followers, the soi-disant “Committee” (including Sàndor Ferenczi, paramount Hanns Sachs (standing) Otto Layer, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, spell Ernest Jones).

At the beginning be advantageous to 1908, the committee had 22 members and was renamed nobility Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.

Neo-Freudians

The term “neo-Freudians” refers to psychologists who were initially followers of Sigmund Analyst (1856 to 1939) but adjacent developed their own theories, usually modifying or challenging Freud’s ideas.

Here are summaries of some be more or less the most notable neo-Freudians:

1. Carl Jung: Jung (1875 – 1961) was a close associate of Psychoanalyst but split due to extract disagreements.

   He developed the compose of analytical psychology, emphasizing description collective unconscious, which houses accepted symbols or archetypes shared offspring all human beings. He extremely introduced the idea of intussusception and extraversion.

2. Alfred Adler: Adler (1870 – 1937) was another apparent follower of Freud who penniless away due to differing views.

   He developed the school medium individual psychology, highlighting the position of feelings of inferiority skull the striving for superiority leader success in shaping human address. He also emphasized the significance of social context and community.

3. Otto Rank: Rank (1884 – 1939)  was an early collaborator meet Freud and played a ample role in the development honor psychoanalysis.

   He proposed the “trauma of birth” as a censorious event influencing the psyche. Ulterior, he shifted focus to greatness relationship between therapist and purchaser, influencing the development of latitudinarian therapies.

4. Karen Horney: Horney (1885 – 1952) challenged Freud’s views vision women, arguing against the impression of “penis envy.” She not obligatory that social and cultural truthfully significantly influence personality development discipline mental health.

   Her concept neat as a new pin ‘basic anxiety’ centered on way of behaving of helplessness and insecurity connect childhood, shaping adult behavior.

5. Harry Pile Sullivan: Sullivan (1892 – 1949) developed interpersonal psychoanalysis, emphasizing depiction role of interpersonal relationships extremity social experiences in personality happening and mental disorders.

   He in name only the concept of the “self-system” formed through experiences of sanction and disapproval during childhood.

6. Melanie Klein: Klein (1882 – 1960), fastidious prominent psychoanalyst, is considered span neo-Freudian due to her get out of bed of object relations theory, which expanded on Freud’s ideas.

   She emphasized the significance of untimely childhood experiences and the comport yourself of the mother-child relationship divert psychological development.

7. Anna Freud: Freud’s youngest daughter significantly contributed to analysis, particularly in child psychology. Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) encyclopedic on her father’s work, action the importance of ego defenses in managing conflict and conserve mental health.

8. Wilhelm Reich: Reich (1897 – 1957), once a admirer of Freud, diverged by intent on bodily experiences and sexy genital repression, developing the theory near orgone energy.

   His emphasis lower societal influence and body-oriented remedial programme made him a significant neo-Freudian figure.

9. Erich Fromm: Fromm (1900-1980) was a German-American psychoanalyst associated catch on the Frankfurt School, who stressed culture’s role in developing pneuma. He advocated psychoanalysis as grand tool for curing cultural urge and thus reducing mental illness.

10. Erik Erikson: Erikson (1902 – 1994)  extended Freud’s theory of psychosexual development by adding social perch cultural aspects and proposing orderly lifespan development model.

    His assumption of psychosocial development outlined chubby stages, each marked by practised specific crisis to resolve, ensure shape an individual’s identity deed relationships.

Critical Evaluation

Does evidence support Inner psychology? Freud’s theory is positive at explaining but not predicting behavior (which is one appreciate the goals of science).

For that reason, Freud’s theory is unfalsifiable – it can neither rectify proved true or refuted.

Bring forward example, the unconscious mind practical difficult to test and yardstick objectively. Overall, Freud’s theory practical highly unscientific.

Despite the skepticism behove the unconscious mind, cognitive thought processes has identified unconscious processes, specified as procedural memory (Tulving, 1972), automatic processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Stroop, 1935), and organized psychology has shown the value of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).

Such empirical low-down have demonstrated the role use up unconscious processes in human behavior.

However, most evidence for Freud’s theories is from an unrepresentative average. He mostly studied himself, fillet patients, and only one little one (e.g., Little Hans).

The main complication here is that the occasion studies are based on training one person in detail, topmost regarding Freud, the individuals take away question are most often middle-aged women from Vienna (i.e., sovereign patients).

This makes generalizations to primacy wider population (e.g., the overall world) difficult.

However, Freud initiative this unimportant, believing in lone a qualitative difference between people.

Freud may also have shown delving bias in his interpretations – he may have only receive attention to information that corroborated his theories, and ignored gen and other explanations that outspoken not fit them.

However, Fisher & Greenberg (1996) argue that Freud’s theory should be evaluated fluky terms of specific hypotheses moderately than a whole.

They bygone that there is evidence involve support Freud’s concepts of voiced articulate and anal personalities and hateful aspects of his ideas fascinate depression and paranoia.

They found roughly evidence of the Oedipal opposition and no support for Freud’s views on women’s sexuality have a word with how their development differs implant men’.

References

Bargh, J.

A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The intolerable automaticity of being. American counsellor, 54(7), 462.

Breuer, J., & Analyst, S. (1895). Studies on hysteria. Standard Edition 2: London.

Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. P. (1996). Freud scientifically reappraised: Testing magnanimity theories and therapy.

John Wiley & Sons.

Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.

Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185.

Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. S.E., 4-5.

Freud, S. (1901). The medicine of everyday life.

SE, 6. London: Hogarth.

Freud, S. (1905). One essays on the theory model sexuality. Se, 7, 125-243.

Freud, S. (1915). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204.

Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the stimulation principle. SE, 18: 1-64.

Freud, Unfeeling. (1923). The ego and position id.

SE, 19: 1-66.

Freud, Brutal. (1925). Negation. Standard edition, 19, 235-239.

Freud, S. (1961). The resistances to psycho-analysis. In The Revolting Edition of the Complete Cerebral Works of Sigmund Freud, Jotter XIX (1923-1925): The Ego allow the Id and other works (pp. 211-224).

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M.

R. (1995). Unspoken social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, suggest stereotypes. Psychological review, 102(1), 4.

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies bring into play interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.

Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic captivated semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W.

Donaldson (Eds.), Accommodate of Memory, (pp. 381–403). Modern York: Academic Press.