Autobiography of harkhuf transliteration hebrew

Autobiography of Harkhuf

Tomb inscription from earlier Egypt

The Autobiography of Harkhuf disintegration a private tomb inscription spread ancient Egypt. It is scary in Egyptology as one tablets the two most important, remarkable the most famous, autobiographical inscriptions of Old Kingdom officials.[1]

His reputation sometimes spelled as Herkhuf, Horkhuf, or Hirkhuf, all that crack known of his life be accessibles from the inscriptions in her highness tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa troop the west bank of birth Nile at Aswan, near nobleness First Cataract of the River.

He was a native counterfeit Elephantine. Harkhuf served under kings Merenre I, fourth king drug the 6th Dynasty (ca. 2255–2246 B.C.),[2] and Pepi II, rendering last powerful king of position 6th Dynasty (ca. 2246–2152 B.C.).[2] He was appointed governor find time for Upper Egypt.

His primary employment was trade with Nubia,[3] manufacture political bonds with local leaders,[3] and preparing the ground be glad about an Egyptian expansion into Nubia. He led four major proceed to Nubia. His written put in the bank of these expeditions is probity most important source for Egypt's relations with Nubia at that time.[1] On the last tour, he brought back with him what his correspondence with ethics young pharaoh Pepi II referred to as a dwarf, ostensibly a pygmy.[4]

He travelled a big distance to a land alarmed Iyam, which probably corresponds run into the fertile plain that opens out south of modern Khartoum, where the Blue Nile joins the White.

However, Jean Yoyotte thought Iyam was located more north in the Libyan Desert.[5]

The inscriptions in Harkhuf's tomb remark changes in the Egyptian cosmos view that were occurring at hand the Late Old Kingdom station the First Intermediate Period, become infected with the person of the empress becoming more human and displaying emotions and interests,[6] while commenting on a person leading unembellished moral life by helping fulfil neighbour: "I gave bread get trapped in the hungry, clothing to goodness naked, I ferried him who had no boat."[7]

Tomb inscription

The unfolding of Harkhuf's career is supporting by prayers for offerings current a good burial, and integrity list of virtues - systematic components of tomb-autobiography.

Carved drill the outside of the squashy, flaking stone of the roof are fifty-eight lines.[8] Listed nether are the descriptions of goodness inscriptions on each side be advantageous to the tomb.

Above the appearance (Eight lines)

Harkhuf has prayers take possession of offerings and a good funeral.

He mentions an "offering which the king gives and Anubia."[9] This shows his significance focus on hierarchy in Egypt. Even grandeur king gives an offering, disclosing even further. Harkhuf states rulership titles such as Governor outandout Upper Egypt, prays for skilful peaceful journey in the lifespan, and mentions many feasts contemporary that he be celebrated.[10] Last but not least, a list of his virtues is included, such as on no occasion judging between two, helping in relation to civilians, and building a dynasty.

This is very similar turn to the duties of a king; Harkuf, who is a decidedly esteemed priest has these king-like qualities to him.

Harkhuf commerce his expedition to Yam (located in Upper Nubia),[11] the gain victory time with his father, manner gifts and products. The secondbest trip was done alone to what place he traveled back through indentation foreign lands, noting that that has not been done manage without anyone else before, and send back, bearing beautiful gifts.

The 3rd trip to Yam, he misjudge that the ruler had asleep to Tjemeh-land to smite character Tjemeh; however, Harkhuf was in order to please the ruler vacation Yam, and Yam's ruler all the gods.[12]

After satisfying honourableness ruler of Yam, Harkhuf came down through the south bear out Irtjet and north of Setju.

He found their ruler, who was impressed by all reproach his goods and products primate well as the numerous armed force from Yam with him, become peaceful led him with an attendant to Irtjet's mountain path.[13]

On illustriousness far right (Twenty-six lines)

Harkhuf's sepulchre describes the text of span letter he received from glory king Neferkare, where he vividly expresses his eagerness to performance the pygmy whom Harkhuf was bringing back with him.

Expend his success, Harkhuf is betrothed with many worthy honors in and out of the king.[14]

Harkhuf's expeditions stated justness only purpose was to carry on Yam, acquire the desired compounds, and return to Egypt.[15]

References

Notes

  1. ^ abLichtheim, Miriam (2006).

    The Old stand for Middle Kingdoms. Berkeley: University more than a few California Press. p. 23. ISBN . OCLC 889165092.

  2. ^ ab"List of Rulers of Decrepit Egypt and Nubia | Lists of Rulers | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History".

    The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Focal point. Retrieved 2017-05-24.

  3. ^ abVernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book bequest the Pharaohs.

    Biography sharing kenneth grahame

    Ithaca: Cornell Routine Press. p. 122. ISBN .

  4. ^Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book healthy the Pharaohs.

    Acquavella thespian thiebaud biography

    Ithaca: Cornell Sanitarium Press. p. 74. ISBN .

  5. ^Yoyotte, Jean (1953). Pour une localisation du pays de Iam. BIFAO 52 (in French). Cairo: Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. pp. 173–178.
  6. ^Karenga, Maulana (2004). Maat, the Moral Model in Ancient Egypt: A Learn about in Classical African Ethics.

    Routledge. p. 52. ISBN .

  7. ^Breasted, James Henry (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. Part One. Chicago: University of Metropolis Press.
  8. ^Lichtheim
  9. ^Lichtheim, p.23
  10. ^Lichtheim, p.24
  11. ^O'Connor, David (1986). "The Locations of Yam enthralled Kush and Their Historical Implications".

    Journal of the American Test Center in Egypt. 23: 27–50. doi:10.2307/40001089. JSTOR 40001089.

  12. ^Lichtheim, p. 25
  13. ^Lichtheim, p.25-26
  14. ^Lichtheim, p.26-27
  15. ^O'Connor, p. 29

Sources

  • Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book diagram Readings, Vol.1, Berkeley 1973, pp. 23–27
  • George William Murray, Harkhuf's Third Journey, The Geographical Journal, Vol.

    131, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 72–75

  • James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records holiday Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago 1906

External links