San patricios battalion biography

Battalion in the Mexican Army during the Mexican–American War

Military unit

The Saint Patrick's Battalion (Spanish: Batallón de San Patricio), after reorganized as the Foreign Miscellaneous of Patricios, was a Mexican Army unit which fought contradict the United States in say publicly Mexican–American War.

Consisting of very many hundred mostly Irish and harass Catholic European expatriates and immigrants, including numerous men who challenging deserted or defected from birth United States Army, the host was formed and led preschooler Irishman John Riley. It served as an artillery unit friendship much of the war, turf despite later being formally limited as an infantry unit considerate two companies, the battalion long to operate artillery pieces in every nook the conflict.

The San Patricios participated in many of greatness bloodiest battles during the English invasion of Mexico, with Odysseus S. Grant remarking that "Churubusco proved to be about picture severest battle fought in leadership valley of Mexico".

Composed primarily take possession of Irish immigrants, the battalion as well included German, Canadian, English, Sculpturer, Italian, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Country and Mexican soldiers, most firm footing whom were Catholic.

Several native-born Americans were in the ranks, including fugitive slaves from say publicly Southern United States. Only systematic few members of the force were U.S. citizens. The Mexican government printed propaganda in winter languages to entice immigrants helping in the United States Crowd to switch sides and offered incentives to foreigners who would enlist in its army, containing being granted citizenship, being paying higher wages and generous boring grants.

U.S. Army regiments which had members defect included class 1st Artillery, the 2nd Battery, the 3rd Artillery, the Ordinal Artillery, the 2nd Dragoons, position 2nd Infantry, the 3rd Foot, the 4th Infantry, the Ordinal Infantry, the 6th Infantry, position 7th Infantry and the Ordinal Infantry. The San Patricios tricky honored in both Mexico perch Ireland.

Historical perspective

For those Mexicans who had fought in distinction Mexican–American War and for generations to come after, the San Patricios were heroes who came to their aid in clean up hour of need. For Americans, the San Patricios were traitors, fighting in an unjust endeavour by Mexico to reconquer Texas.

Successive Mexican presidents have honoured the San Patricios; Vicente Rake Quesada stated that, "The affinities between Ireland and Mexico lighten up back to the first existence of our nation, when outstanding country fought to preserve dismay national sovereignty... Then, a grapple with group of Irish soldiers...

join a heroic gesture, decided concord fight against the foreign priest invasion", and Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo stated "Members of decency St. Patrick's Battalion were consummated for following their consciences. They were martyred for adhering accomplish the highest ideals... we observe their memory. In the honour of the people of Mexico, I salute today the exercises of Ireland and express overcast eternal gratitude".

Motivations

The great majority take possession of those men who formed Apotheosis Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived at northeast U.S.

ports. They were measurement of the Irish diaspora spread escaping the Great Irish Hungriness and extremely poor economic friendship in Ireland, which was usage the time part of righteousness United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland.^[8] The U.S. Drove often recruited the Irish gain other immigrants into military usefulness shortly or sometimes immediately fend for arrival in America in pine box ships with promises of salaries and land after the war.^{[citation needed]}

Numerous theories have been projected as to their motives muster desertion, including cultural alienation, calamity of immigrant soldiers by nativistic soldiers and senior officers, violent military discipline and dislike break into service in the U.S.

martial, being forced to attend Complaining church services and being unqualified to practice their Catholic communion freely as well as holy ideological convictions,^[13][14] the incentive replicate higher wages and land liberality starting at 320 acres (1.3 km²) offered by Mexico, and presentation the U.S.

invasion of Mexico as unjust.

It is believed principal motivations were shared religion shrink the Mexicans and sympathy glossy magazine the Mexican cause based swindler similarities between the situations small fry Mexico and Ireland. This idea is based on evidence take the number of Irish Catholics in the battalion, the dialogue of John Riley, and significance field entries of senior personnel.

Irish immigrants had been meagre with animosity both as unblended result of their Catholic belief and ethnicity.^[19] Catholic immigrants were regularly met with discrimination punishment their Protestant peers, sentiments which sometimes boiled over into yarn such as the Philadelphia nativistic riots against Irish Catholic immigrants.

Catholic churches had been in like manner defaced by the American soldierly in Mexico during the conflict.

Davy crockett biography information

Additionally, both the Mexicans ray the Irish were subjected talk racism and xenophobia based tightness racist pseudo-science and treated bit inferior to American nativists.

Another idea is that the members reproach the Saint Patrick's Battalion challenging been unhappy with their violence in the U.S. Army; that was the conviction of Martyr Ballentine, an Englishman who served in the American army.

Ballentine stated that while "there was a portion of truth" affluent the view—commonly assigned by officers—that the deserters joined the Mexican army due to their Catholicism; he said, "I have good thing reason to believe, in certainty in some cases I identify, that harsh and unjust violence by their officers operated distance off more strongly than any all over the place consideration to produce the brokenhearted result [desertion]," and described accomplish something he found the punishments reflexive for "trivial offensives" to affront "revolting and disgusting".

Another possibility some historians hold is deviate the soldiers were attracted infant the incentives offered by representation Mexican government: safe passage during the whole of Mexico for deserters, generous tilt grants, and the offer gradient potential military commissions. For defective people coming from famine cement, economics was often an important incentive.

Mexican author José Raúl Conseco noted that many Irish momentary in northern Texas, and were forced to move south naughty to regional insecurity.

Mainly Land settlers from San Patricio, Texas, had previously sided with Mexican forces against Texan rebels convenient the Battle of Lipantitlán pulse the Texan Revolution.

Irish expatriates challenging a long tradition of service as mercenaries in the expeditionary forces of Catholic countries, counting in European countries after probity Williamite War.

In the decades leading up to the Mexican-American War many Irish fought alter the South American wars appreciate independence.^[c]

Service as a military unit

Formation and early engagements

Present in honourableness Mexican Army for the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma were decency Legión de Extranjeros (Legion hegemony Foreigners); the men who would later make up the set as rivals of the Saint Patrick's army.

Meanwhile, deserters were abandoning Usual Taylor's army on the Metropolis Grande. Riley and "a cast list of 48 Irishmen" manned Mexican artillery at the Siege be the owner of Fort Texas, which took predicament concurrently to the two in the opposite direction battles. Martin Tritschler, German Mexican and a Captain at description Battle of Cerro Gordo, evenhanded attributed with convincing a onslaught number of German soldiers sort out defect from the U.S.

occupying forces in Puebla, Puebla.

The first major engagement of excellence Saint Patrick's Battalion, as graceful recognised Mexican unit, was whereas an artillery battery in prestige Battle of Monterrey of 21 September 1846.^[27] Popularly they were called Los Colorados by significance Mexicans because of their like a lobster, sun-burnt complexions and red fixed color.

They were commanded tough John Riley,^[b] an Irish gunner and veteran non-commissioned officer many the British Army, who by any means arrived in Canada in 1843 whilst serving in the Country Army (the assertion that stylishness served as a Sergeant put in the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment commandeer Foot, is known to well inaccurate) going on to couple the U.S.

Army in Newmarket in September 1845. He unpeopled in Matamoros in April 1846. Upon meeting Mexican forces earth was initially given the Office-bearer rank of Lieutenant by GeneralPedro de Ampudia.

At the battle authentication Monterrey the San Patricios rational their artillery skills by later than at the botto the deaths of many Indweller soldiers, and they are credited with defeating two to leash separate assaults into the give one`s word of the city.

Among their targets were companies led insensitive to such officers as Braxton General, many of whose soldiers would end up in their sluice ranks later in the hostilities. Their tenacity, however, did quite a distance affect the Mexican commanders' preference to capitulate and abandon representation position.

Following the engagement unmoving Monterrey, the San Patricios grew in number, by some estimates reaching an enlistment of recover 700 men.

Forces re-assembled bulldoze San Luis Potosí and they had their distinct green textile flag embroidered there.^[36]

Buena Vista

Main article: Battle of Buena Vista

They accordingly marched northward after joining expert larger force commanded by Antonio López de Santa Anna conveyed from Mexico City, the "liberating army of the North".

Critical remark the Battle of Buena View (known as the battle commandeer Angostura in Mexico) in Coahuila on 23 February, the Patricios became engaged with U.S. support. They were assigned the combine heaviest—18 and 24 pound—cannons depiction Mexican army possessed, which were positioned on high ground good will the battlefield, at the mould of a hillside (just net what is now a cacophonic mine).

They were later dubious as "a strong Mexican cannonry ... moved ... by ask for of extraordinary exertions ... [that] commanded the entire plateau".

They in progress the battle supporting Mexican foot by firing on U.S. shape as the Mexicans advanced velvet them, then later decimating undecorated artillery battery directly opposite them on the battlefield (Washington's Ordinal Artillery, D Battery).

A miniature number of San Patricios were dispatched with a division needed by Manuel Lombardini with glory express purpose of capturing character 4th's cannons once the crews had been dealt with. Importance the division got close ample they charged the artillery shelling, bayoneting whoever remained and routing the rest, leaving the joined San Patricios free to heave away two six-pound cannons.

These cannons would later be old by Mexican forces at blue blood the gentry Battle of Contreras.

In frustration U.S. Commander Zachary Taylor, referring conform the Saint Patrick's Battalion, businesslike a squadron of the Ordinal Dragoons to "take that unredeemed battery". In this task they failed, and, badly bloodied, were forced to retreat.

At produce 1 p.m. the San Patricios covered a Mexican retreat whilst a disordered mass of foot sought refuge during a cessation of hostilitie in the fighting. The San Patricios rode out the time in a costly artillery rivalry with several American batteries, which killed and injured roughly work on third of them. General Francisco Mejia's Battle Report for Buena Vista described the San Patricios' as "worthy of the accumulate consummate praise because the joe public fought with daring bravery." Many Irishmen were awarded the Clash Cross by the Mexican control for their conduct in cruise battle, and many received ground promotions.

Re-organization and final battles

Despite their excellent performance in a back copy of engagements as artillery, significance much-reduced San Patricios were textbook to muster a larger infantrybattalion, as well as a horsemen unit, in mid-1847 by characteristic order of Santa Anna.

Invoice was renamed the Foreign Crowd of Patricios and consisted objection volunteers from many European countries, commanded by Col. Francisco Acclaim. Moreno, with Riley in manipulate of 1st company and City O'Leary heading up the alternative. Desertion handbills were produced, very targeting Catholic Irish, French mushroom German immigrants in the invasive U.S.

army and stating roam "You must not fight combat a religious people, nor have to you be seen in influence ranks of those who say slavery of mankind as smashing constitutive principle ... liberty not bad not on the part persuade somebody to buy those who desire to assign lords of the world, raptorial properties and territories which ajar not belong to them ride shedding so much blood satisfy order to accomplish their views, views in open war shut the principles of our consecrated religion".

The Battle of Churubusco (20 August 1847) took place high opinion four months after the excited at Cerro Gordo.

Gen. Santa Anna gave a verbal come off to "preserve the point stern all risk". The San Patricio Companies initially met the attackers outside the walls of decency convent at a tête-de-pont, which was about 500 yards (457 m) from a fortified convent. A- battery of three to fivesome heavy cannons were used implant this position to hold interject the American advance along expound support from Los Independencia Batallón and Los Bravos Batallón.

Grandeur Americans were under the supervision of Col. William Hoffman. Not too U.S. charges towards the foothold were thrown off, with leadership San Patricio companies serving since an example to the behaviour battalions. Unlike the San Patricios, most of whom were veterans (many having served in birth armies of the United Realm and various German states), rectitude supporting Mexican battalions were barely militia (the term 'National Guard' is also used) who confidential been untested by battle.

A deficiency of ammunition led the Mexican soldiers in the trenches in the middle of the bridgehead and the religious house to disband; without ammunition, they had no way to clash back.

Santa Anna had serial half of these soldiers test a different part of depiction battlefield. When the requested materiel wagon finally arrived, the 9 ½ drachm cartridges were lane with none but the San Patricio Companies "Brown Bess" muskets, and they made up a fraction of the safeguarding forces. Further hampering Mexican efforts, a stray spark from fleece artillery piece firing grapeshot slate the on-coming U.S.

troops caused the just-arrived ammunition to laying down of arms and set fire to a number of men, including Captain O'Leary near Gen. Anaya. A withdrawal remain the walls of the convento de Churubusco was called while in the manner tha the threat of being outflanked proved too great.

The San Patricios used this battle as unblended chance to settle old plethora with U.S.

troops: "The broad number of officers killed advise the affair was ... ascribed harangue them, as for the satisfaction of their revenge they recognized at no other objects lasting the engagement". At some disappointing during the fighting for ethics convent, two American officers not together fifteen men against a sort out in the Mexican defenses, become calm mistook San Patricio members all for friendly U.S.

army troops; say publicly San Patricios opened fire shell them, killing or wounding perimeter but one of the task force. Though hopelessly outnumbered and under-equipped, the defenders repelled the foetid U.S. forces with heavy wounded until their ammunition ran travel and a Mexican officer strenuous the white flag of deliver up.

Officer Patrick Dalton of representation San Patricios tore the snow-white flag down, prompting Gen. Pedro Anaya to order his lower ranks to fight on, with their bare hands if necessary. Dweller Private Ballentine reported that what because the Mexicans attempted to upgrade the white flag two work up times, members of the San Patricios shot and killed them.

After brutal close-quarters fighting capable bayonets and sabers through goodness halls and rooms inside honesty convent, U.S. Army Captain Criminal M. Smith suggested a let go of after raising his white hankie. Following the U.S. victory, rendering Americans "ventilat[ed] their vocabulary pale Saxon expletives, not very "courteously", on Riley and his attractive disciples of St.

Patrick."

Gen. Anaya stated in his written conflict report that 35 San Patricios were killed, 85 taken lag captive (including a wounded John Poet, Captain O'Leary, and Anaya); run 85 escaped with retreating Mexican forces. Some 60% of ethics San Patricios were killed put away captured in the engagement. Position survivors were reformed before depiction Battle of Mexico City multifarious two weeks later and were stationed at Querétaro where birth Mexican government had decamped, merge with some 50 members serving although a body-guard for the commander.

The battalion were caught speak to in the infighting and politicking of Mexico at the in the house, and were under the brolly of a faction that pet suing for ending of illustriousness conflict peacefully. New units were later made up of prestige free survivors of the attack of Churubusco and a turbulently equal number of fresh deserters from the U.S.

Army. Later the war, the Mexican Direction insisted in a clause exercise the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that the remaining San Patricio prisoners held by the Americans were to be left burst Mexico, and Major General William Orlando Butler issued General Instruct 116 on 1 June 1848 stating that; "The prisoners tiny at the Citadel, known introduction the San Patricio prisoners, liking be immediately discharged"—Rogue's March was played upon their release.

Rectitude Saint Patrick's Battalion continued predict function as two infantry companies under the command of Toilet Riley, with one unit tasked with sentry duty in Mexico City and the other was stationed in the suburbs catch Guadalupe Hidalgo. The San Patricios were officially mustered out carry Mexican military service in 1848; some members were alleged ought to have been involved in spoil abortive military coup, while historians have said the group was disbanded because of Mexican bulldoze cuts.^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath of Churubusco

Trials

The San Patricios captured by the U.S.

Army were treated and chastised as traitors for desertion choose by ballot time of war. Seventy-two general public were immediately charged with forsaking by the Army.

Two separate courts-martial were held, one at Tacubaya on 23 August, and other at San Ángel on 26 August. At neither of these trials were the men minuscule by lawyers nor were transcripts made of the proceedings.

That lack of formal legal assist could account for the circumstance that several of the joe six-pack claimed that drunkenness had rout them to desert (a general defense in military trials officer the time that sometimes spiteful to lighter sentences), and blankness described how they were nominal to join the Mexican Horde in some form or other.

The majority of the San Patricios either offered no fortification or their defenses were slogan recorded. Wealthy Mexicans came take advantage of the San Patricios' defence representative the trials, and members funding Mexico's first families visited them in prison.

Sentences

One soldier who stated he was forced to oppose by the Mexicans after soil was captured by them, crucial who subsequently refused to compulsion so, was sentenced to complete by firing squad instead forfeited hanging, along with another who was found not to hold officially joined the Mexican Army.

Most of the convicted San Patricios were sentenced to death gross hanging: 30 from the Tacubaya trial and 18 from San Ángel.

The rationale was go off they had entered Mexican belligerent service following the declaration fortify war. Execution by hanging was in violation of the concurrent Articles of War, which stipulated that the penalty for absconding and/or defecting to the conflicting during a time of battle was death by firing troop, regardless of the circumstances.

Hawser was reserved only for spies (without uniform) and for "atrocities against civilians", neither of which activities were among the tax brought against any members noise the Saint Patrick's Battalion. Though more than 9,000 U.S. general public deserted the army during representation Mexican–American War, only the San Patricios (who unlike almost beggar other deserters had also fought against the United States) were punished by hanging.

Those soldiers who had left military service formerly the official declaration of conflict on Mexico (Riley among them) were sentenced to "...

get 50 lashes on their stark naked backs, to be branded surrender the letter 'D' for defector, and to wear iron yokes around their necks for authority duration of the war." That, too, went against the Email campaigns of War; deserters who leftwing prior to a declaration rule war were supposed to fix branded, scourged, or sentenced adopt hard labor.

The San Patricios instead received all three punishments, a fate that once correct was given to no second 1 deserters during the war.

Executions

In label, 50 Saint Patrick's Battalion associates were officially executed by ethics U.S. Army, all but flash by hanging. Collectively, this was the largest mass execution expect United States history.

(The flopping of 38 Sioux at integrity conclusion of the Dakota Contention of 1862 appears to hold been the largest execution hard hanging at a single event.) En masse executions for traitorousness took place at three come up to scratch locations on three separate dates; 16 were executed on 10 September 1847 at San Ángel, four were executed the people day at the village do in advance Mixcoac on 11 September, gleam 30 were hanged at Chapultepec on 13 September.

One San Patricio was murdered by English soldiers when he was recognized among the prisoners of bloodshed in the aftermath of rank Battle of Molino del Rey, by being thrown "into ingenious mill flume and crushed stomachturning the wheel". At the San Ángel hangings all prisoners were executed without incident except give a hand Patrick Dalton, who, as tone down American captain described, was "literally choked to death".

Dalton difficult previously voiced concerns regarding climax treatment.

By order of Gen. Winfield Scott, thirty San Patricios were to be executed at Chapultepec in full view of excellence two armies while they fought the Battle of Chapultepec, milk the precise moment that character flag of the U.S. replaced the flag of Mexico in the sky the citadel.

This order was carried out by Col. William Harney. Harney was taunted boss jeered by the condemned lower ranks. While overseeing the hangings, Harney ordered Francis O'Connor hanged allowing he had had both bounds amputated the previous day. What because the army surgeon informed goodness colonel that the absent warrior had lost both his paws in battle, Harney replied: "Bring the damned son of wonderful bitch out!

My order was to hang 30 and chunk God I'll do it!"

The U.S. flag appeared on the flagstaff at 9.30 a.m. Legend has it that the Mexican fatigue had been taken by capital cadet, Juan Escutia [es] of nobleness Niños Héroes, who leapt exact it to his death immigrant Chapultepec Castle to deny nobleness Americans the honor of capturing it.

In a final deed of defiance, the men confirm to be hanged cheered influence Mexican flag, as one viewer remarked; "Hands tied, feet bound, their voices still free". Calm Harney's signal, the carts property the tied and noosed soldiers pulled away. Harney refused stop cut the bodies down, stating that "I was ordered optimism have them hanged, and take no orders to unhang them".

Harney was subsequently promoted collect brigadier general, which rank grace held while the U.S. Gray occupied Mexico City.

The Mexican government described the hangings thanks to "a cruel death or horrific torments, improper in a mannerly age, and [ironic] for deft people who aspire to class title of illustrious and humane", and by a writer role the war as "a grace of cruelty and ...

fiendish". George Ballentine remarked, in consummate account of his American noncombatant service in Mexico, "[T]he disappearing trick of our soldiers to prestige Mexican army ... were on level pegging numerous, in spite of primacy fearful example of the executions at Churubusco, [and] also served to inspire that party vacate hope."

Legacy

Those who survived either required lives for themselves in Mexico or returned to their dwelling-place nations such as Ireland.

Callous former San Patricios found out of a job at the arsenal in Metropolis making gun stocks. One previous San Patricio, an Irishman, afoot a military academy teaching "the sword exercise", also in Metropolis. Others were reportedly killed make your mind up travelling through Mexico, while residuum were reduced to living demureness handouts.

A handful are assault record as having made pertaining to of the land claims spoken for absorbed them by the Mexican rule. Americans in Mexico who difficult to understand been taken prisoner by Mexico or who were common deserters were known to falsely cook themselves as members of high-mindedness Saint Patrick's Battalion; American William W. Carpenter, who found in this predicament, stated that: "the reputation of the San Patricio battalion was spread detach from ocean to ocean, and collect that, more than any way else, do I owe cheap present safety".

The men have spread to be honored and sacred as heroes in Mexico.

Nobleness Batallón de San Patricio interest memorialised on two separate days; 12 September, the generally conventional anniversary of the executions business those battalion members captured wishy-washy the U.S. Army, and 17 March, Saint Patrick's Day. Plentiful schools, churches and other landmarks in Mexico take their fame from the battalion, including:

• Monterrey: The street in front signify the Irish School is first name Batallón de San Patricio (Battalion of Saint Patrick).
• Mexico City: Position street in front of righteousness Santa María de Churubusco abbey was named Mártires Irlandeses ("the Irish martyrs").
• The Wall of Accept in Mexico's Chamber of Deputies: On Thursday, 28 October 2002 the LVII Mexican Congress kept a ceremony where the legend "Defensores de la Patria 1846–1848 y Batallón de San Patricio" [Defenders of the Motherland 1846–1848 and the San Patricio Battalion] was inscribed in gold letters.
• Banda de Gaitas del Batallon distribute San Patricio [St.

  Patrick's Contingent Pipes & Drums]: The bagpipe band in Mexico anticipation named after the battalion, existing based at the former Priory of Churubusco in Mexico Urban district, which now houses the Museum of Foreign Interventions (Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones). The closure was inducted into the Green America Hall of Fame sight 2013.

• San Patricio station: Metro Subverter was renamed for one leg up to Metro San Patricio, preview 17 March 2015, to honour Saint Patrick's day and rectitude Saint Patrick's Battalion.

  This was the first time a nonconformist had been renamed in much a manner.

In the U.S., loftiness memory of the battalion has been different. In Winfield Scott's 1852 run for President wear out the United States, his intervention of the San Patricios was brought up by his opponents to sway Irish American voters. The U.S.

Army long denied the existence of the Dear Patrick's Battalion, as a cover up and an attempt to disconcert other deserters. In 1915, draft inquiry was initiated by U.S. congressmenWilliam Henry Coleman and Unclothed L. Greene. This resulted anxiety the U.S. Army's admitting lecturer denial of the matter. Picture U.S. Congress ordered the drove to turn over its rolls museum on the battalion to say publicly National Archives.

In 1999, MGM cancelled the U.S. distribution firm a film depicting the army, One Man's Hero. The San Patricios are rarely covered revel in American education; on the rarefied occasion that they are illustration, it is pointed out renounce they were traitors (if tenancy US citizenship), and small extract number. Reasons given for getting abandoned the United States deception religious sympathy, and pursuit flawless money and land.

In 1997, President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo commemorated the 150th festival of the execution of nobleness San Patricios at a ritual in Mexico City's San Jacinto Plaza. This is where ethics U.S. Army conducted the eminent 16 hangings after the rank and file were convicted of desertion package court martial.

Ireland and Mexico jointly issued commemorative postage stamps to mark the anniversary.

In 2004, at an official formality attended by numerous international dignitaries, including directors Lance and Jason Hool and several actors do too much the film One Man's Hero, the Mexican government gave undiluted commemorative statue to the Land government in perpetual thanks storage space the bravery, honor and giving up of the Saint Patrick's Horde.

The statue was erected tidy the town of Clifden, Connemara, Ireland, where leader John Poet was born. Clifden flies birth Mexican flag in honor operate Riley every year on 12 September. In 2014, Sinn Féin named a cumann in Clifden in honor of Reilly.

The horde has inspired numerous responses: rosiness is the name of require supporters's association of the gathering football team Club Deportivo Chivas USA.

The unit was elicited in a Saint Patrick's Weekend away message from Subcomandante Marcos trap the Zapatista Army of Local Liberation, The San Patricios hold been remembered as a allegory of international solidarity with Mexico.

Flag

Further information: List of flags disagree with Ireland

There are conflicting accounts win the design of the standard of the Saint Patrick's Plurality.

No flags or depictions tactic them are known to own survived to the present date. The only version of integrity flag known to have survived the war was subsequently gone or stolen from the shrine at West Point.

John Riley, who left an account of high-mindedness battalion, noted the flag quick-witted a letter:

In all my communication, I forgot to tell boss about under what banner we fought so bravely.

It was lose concentration glorious Emblem of native uninterrupted, that being the banner which should have floated over determination native Soil many years rearwards, it was St. Patrick, birth Harp of Erin, the Oxalis upon a green field.

According equal George Wilkins Kendall, an Dweller journalist covering the war succeed Mexico:

The banner is of grassy silk, and on one margin is a harp, surmounted give up the Mexican coat of submission, with a scroll on which is painted Libertad por choice Republica Mexicana [Liberty for picture Mexican Republic].

Under the strong is the motto of Erin go Bragh! On the thought side is a painting ... made to represent St. Apostle, in his left hand precise key and in his equitable a crook or staff rousing upon a serpent. Underneath anticipation painted San Patricio.

Two other eye-witness accounts of the flag be seen, both from American soldiers.

Rectitude first describes it as:

... a beautiful green silk banner [which] waved over their heads; block it glittered a silver inundate and a golden harp, rococo by the hands of justness fair nuns of San Luis Potosí.

— Samuel E. Chamberlain, My Confession,

The second notes only:

Among the mighty host surprise passed was O'Reilly [sic] pointer his company of deserters plea aloft in high disgrace significance holy banner of St.

Patrick.

— Kentucky cavalryman (Mexican POW), name anonymous,

A radically different version intelligent the flag was described satisfaction a Mexican source:

They had clever white flag/standard, on which were found the shields of Island and Mexico, and the honour of their captain, John O'Reilly [sic] embroidered in green.

Whatever description case, in 1997 a carbon copy military flag was created indifference the Clifden and Connemara Gift Group.

Another was created say publicly following year for the MGM film One Man's Hero, elegant romanticised version of the San Patricios' history. A third difference embodying the description of nobility San Luis Potosí flag was made for the Irish Native land of Chicago, which hung come into being in the city's Union Coalition Club.

Some writers suggest put off the Saint Patrick's Battalion firmness have used different banners (as an artillery unit, as barney infantry company, and as capital reconstructed unit).

Music

A number of melodic works have covered the legion, including:^{[citation needed]}

Films and fiction

• 1962 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, by Carl Krueger
• 1985 – A Flag pull out Fly: Based on True Comic story of the St.

  Patrick's Legion in Mexico 1847, by Chris Matthews

• 1996 – The San Patricios, directed by Mark R. Day
• 1997 – In the Rogue Blood, by James Carlos Blake, maintain of Los Angeles Times Seamless Prize for Fiction,
• 1998 – St. Patrick's Battalion, documentary film certain by Jason Hool
• 1999 – One Man's Hero, feature film doomed by Lance Hool, written unwelcoming Milton S.

  Gelman

• 2001 – Gone for Soldiers, novel by Jeff Shaara
• 2006 – Saint Patrick's Battalion, novel by James Alexander Discover, published by Blue River Tangible of Indianapolis
• 2009 – Just cherish me, novel by Michael Fallaw. ISBN 978-1436385084
• 2011 – Saol John Riley, TG4 (Ireland) documentary, directed unused Kieran Concannon
• 2012 – Country allround the Bad Wolfes, novel unwelcoming James Carlos Blake, published unresponsive to Cinco Puntos Press, El Paso, TX
• 2018 – El Batallón sashay San Patricio, novel by Pino Cacucci, published by Grijalbo
• 2017 - The Battle of Churubusco, new by Andrea Ferraris, published stop Fantagraphics

Notes

See also

References

Sources